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[155 KB]

An overview of the development of Telford New Town through the 1970's which had given rise to many temporary exposures and borehole records with mapping on one 2? inch map and nine 6 inch maps, leading to revised interpretation of the bedrock geology. Particular attention is paid to the Coal Measures geology, the history of mining for coal, ironstone and clay. The importance of tectonic evolution is also discussed.

[140 KB]

An overview of the basic types of graptolite and their evolution. Through time graptolites may have been deteriorating because they were becoming simpler, but there is no such thing as retrograde evolution, only the most efficient forms progress. The simpler forms of graptolite were the most efficient. The colonial form was not particularly efficient and once they became free-floating it was better to become an individual. It is therefore quite possible that graptolites still exist in the plankton totally unknown and unrecognised.

[276 KB]

An overview of the basic types of graptolite and their evolution. Through time graptolites may have been deteriorating because they were becoming simpler, but there is no such thing as retrograde evolution, only the most efficient forms progress. The simpler forms of graptolite were the most efficient. The colonial form was not particularly efficient and once they became free-floating it was better to become an individual. It is therefore quite possible that graptolites still exist in the plankton totally unknown and unrecognised.

[459 KB]

An account of the field excursion to the northern section of Leckhampton Hill and exposures along the disused Chedworth railwav line, led by Drs. Harpum and Angseesing, both from The College of St. Paul and St. Mary. Leckhampton quarry is located two miles south of Cheltenham and was first opened in 1793. Approached via Daisy Bank Road the quarries are seen to be of Middle and Lower Inferior Oolite of the Bajocian stage in the Middle Jurassic. After a break for lunch the group spent some time along the Chedworth railway cutting where Upper Middle Inferior Oolite was exposed. Several good fossils were found together with a bed of smectite clay (montmorillonite ? ?Fuller?s Earth?).

[149 KB]

The volcano of Mount St. Helens is sited above where a crustal plate is submerging into the mantle. On the 18th May 1980 the northern side of the volcano began to slip, pressure was relieved at the summit and an explosive cloud rose vertically. As the weight of overlying rock on the magma was released, it broke through laterally. An important idea that has emerged in the last decade is that almost all volcanic liquids are not simple liquids such as water which deform and flow when stressed. Volcanic liquids only flow when the stress exceeds a certain amount. The flow rate is related to the apparent viscosity. Lava/ash/mud/debris flows all have the property of having a threshold before they will flow.

[941 KB]

A report of a study of beach pebbles on the north coast of the Isle of Man, between Rue Point and Point of Ayre. The study commenced with one main question - is there any pebble grading along, and up and down the shore? Two pebble banks were sampled, one immediately above and one immediately below high water mark. Seven sites along the shore were selected. It is deduced that sea currents are forced close in-shore by the sand bank, thus causing a larger deposit of pebbles near Point of Ayre: pebbles illustrating a higher degree of roundness, presumably due to greater transportation.

[1.825 MB]

All papers.